Living In A Surveillance Society Information Technology Essay

Living In A Surveillance Society Information Technology Essay To say we are consciously or unconsciously sleep walking into surveillance society is a question of fact because frankly speaking individuals in society go through some form of surveillance. The security attached to surveillance allows individuals embrace it and sometimes with the knowledge of risks that come with being watched meanwhile others walk into a surveillance society without any knowledge of such dangers. 1.2 Judging from past and present events reported in several cases, journals and articles about the benefits and dangers that accompany a surveillance society, I am of the opinion that there is a need to analyse the concept of a surveillance society to ascertain if the concerns of the Information Commissioner are justified or not. 1.3 This essay would surround different issues in relation to a surveillance society such as individual privacy, data protection, laws that provide for data protection, different forms of surveillance and surveillance technologies with a view to providing some clarity regarding the concerns of the commissioner on the concept of a surveillance society. 2.0 Surveillance 2.1 Definition of surveillance Surveillance is viewed as having information about ones movement and activities recorded by technologies on behalf of the organisations and governments that structured our society.  [1]  Surveillance was also defined as a purposeful routine, systematic and focused attention paid to personal details for the sake of control, entitlement, management, influence or protection.  [2]   In my opinion, to be under surveillance means that almost every aspect of an individuals life is been watched, monitored and controlled by others who consider themselves superior and thereby deny people of their right to privacy and control of different aspects of their lives. Professor Ian J.Lloyd, referring to Alan Westins seminar work on Information Technology in a Democracy identified three types of surveillance as: physical, psychological and data surveillance  [3]   Physical surveillance involves the watching and monitoring of acts of individuals in a society and can be carried out with or without the use of surveillance technologies. The use of spies, spooks and acts of security agencies fall within the above and is applied to limited individuals. Psychological surveillance involves the use of surveillance technologies to monitor the activities of individuals in a society by the use of interrogations. Furthermore, data surveillance involves the use of ones personal information to monitor their activities. Due to technology compliance by countries, dataveillance is the most prominent form of surveillance used which is supported by electronic devices. 2.2 Living in a surveillance society The idea of a surveillance society springs from the fears of the government and people as regards the reoccurring threats to lives of individuals based on past events like terrorism, fraud, armed robbery and shop lifting. In finding solutions to these problems, certain measures and forms of surveillance were introduced to provide security, and whether these solutions are appropriate, remains a question as there might be more invasive answers which result to an individuals right to privacy and anonymity being infringed. Focus should reflect the attainment of social goals rather than living in the shadow of the consequence of a surveillance society.  [4]   The United Kingdom (UK)is an example of a country that is fully compliant with the idea of a surveillance society because almost every aspect of their lives starting from taking a walk on the streets, driving their cars, going shopping in the supermarkets, going to the hospital and even in their work place they are under surveillance and this is so because the UK is a highly technologically developed country with access to lots of surveillance technologies used to monitor the activities in the life of their citizens and the UK has been described as the most surveyed country with more CCTV cameras but the irony is that it still has loose laws on privacy and data protection. In Britain there are about 4.2 million CCTV cameras, one for every fourteen people, meaning that an individuals activities can be captured by over three hundred cameras a day. Reporters claim Britain has the biggest DNA data base with over a million innocent peoples data on, with some being aware and others in the dark and with the advent of new and improved modern surveillance technologies being introduced individuals will be subjected to even more surveillance than they are going through today.  [5]   A surveillance society is not a totally bad concept as it has its advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages include provision of security and protection of people from computer hackers, terrorists, threats to public security, provides speed and enhances co-ordination  [6]  . Consequent upon the pros of a surveillance society, the greatest negative effect of a surveillance society is the threat to privacy of individuals, though we seem to be more concerned with our fears and in the process over look the possibility that being fully dependent on surveillance technologies for safety could end up being of more harm to us than good. Surveillance creates lack of trust and raises suspicion between citizens, citizens and the state, thereby heightening the need for us to control and monitor our activities. 2.3 Surveillance Technologies There are different kinds of surveillance technologies that are used in our society today which can also be summarized under the different forms of surveillance. Some examples of surveillance technologies includes as follows: (a) Video surveillance i.e. the use of Closed-circuit Televisions (CCTV) (b) Telecommunications surveillance (c) Biometrics (d) Shop Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags (e) Loyalty cards (f) Internet cookies (g) Data Flows (h) Locating, Tracking Tagging Technologies (I) London Oyster Cards e.t.c Video Surveillance This is considered the most popular kind of surveillance technology used in a surveillance society because the use of CCTV cameras enable the capturing of images of individuals who go about their activities with the aim of preventing crime. CCTV cameras are devices that have actively been used in Britain to watch people and as such it has been predicted by experts that by the year 2009, 642 million pounds would have been spent on video surveillance software as against the 147million pounds spent in 2004 in a bid to reducing the crime rate.  [7]   Telecommunications surveillance This involves the use of technical equipments such as Global Positioning System (GPS), tapping of phones by the police or security services and it involves the exchange of data and information which is enabled by large scale digital and computing systems such as the internet. Biometrics Surveillance Biometrics is another very common surveillance technology being used today in most organizations, embassies and airports. This form of identification includes body trace e.g. fingerprints, iris scans, facial topography and hand scans which are all used on different passports and I.D card systems. Biometrics has been predicted to cause UK a healthy sum of 4.7 billion industry in 2009 which initially in the year 2003 cost 675 million and this is so because of the creation of more sophisticated surveillance technologies like smart cameras to iris identification, all with the belief that there will be accuracy in identification and crime will be reduced.  [8]   Radio Frequency Identification Technologies (RFID) It involves the use of radio frequency communications as a way to track goods as they move through the supply chain. RFID are embedded into products, pallets and cases thereby enabling the RFID readers read information from those tags  [9]  . Data flows Surveillance This is a very sensitive form of surveillance as it is gathered by surveillance technologies and it flows around computer networks and has been described by Clarke R as dataveillance which is the systematic use of personal data systems in the investigation or monitoring of the actions of one or more persons  [10]  .In most circumstances of data subjects consents to giving their data, but what now happens in a situation whereby the data is transferred elsewhere and there is no idea as to where the data goes by either the public or data sharing agencies. In such a case one tends to wonder if we can say we have confidence in the state as regards the safety of our data. With the use of these technologies you can see that in a surveillance society our lives can be monitored entirely as everything you do has one form of surveillance technology which can be used to track you. Some of these technologies include Global Positioning System(GPS) which can be use in tracking your precise location, loyalty cards which can be use to determine your capacity in shopping and as such marketers know how to target a customer based on his or her spending habits and even the internet can be monitored because every individual leaves trails when browsing the internet and this trails are called cookies which are left on a users machine thereby recognizing when visits were made to that site thereby making the activities of user traceable  [11]  . There are also non-technological means of surveillance of surveillance which we practice as individuals in the society such as eavesdropping, watching, use of human spies and many others  [12]  . But these methods due to the advent of technology and modernity are gradually fading away because they are looked upon as ineffective compared to technological mediums. This is because surveillance technologies provide faster means of security, safety and certainty. We are left with the concern of how effective surveillance technologies are to our lives and to what extent can we say that they have made a positive impact on our lives than the negative ones. 2.4 The Negative and Positive Impact of Surveillance on our society. A surveillance society has its negative and positive impacts on our lives as individuals in the society but the negatives impacts are greater than the positive ones. Surveillance society has a way of setting traps for individuals in a society and this trap includes: (a)Thinking that surveillance is a product of new technologies and (b)Thinking of surveillance as a malign plot hatched by evil powers.  [13]   Ones an individuals looks at the concept of a surveillance society in this light then it is easy for one to fall into the trap of a surveillance society and the dangers that it poses to how lives. Apart from a sense of security, safety, minimum amount of risks, swift flow of goods, people and information which we as individuals believe are the positive effects of surveillance on our lives, what other way can we really say that a surveillance society has improved our lives or limited the risks and dangers we go through every day because irrespective of all the different forms of surveillance both technological and non-technological, It has not kept us out of harms way. The presence of CCTV cameras in the UK has not reduced the level of crime as terrorist still find means of operating and planning attacks. More so, individual personal data are still being used against them and all thanks to surveillance. Surveillance creates room for suspicion and lack of trust in the society because why should employers feel there is a need to monitor the affairs of their employees by bugging their cell phones, putting tracking devices in their company vehicles, storage of employees personal data, making them undertake certain medical tests and answering personal questions about their lives which could be used against them in the future. Surveillance exposes individuals in a society to harm as we may not know who is watching us and what purpose our data is being used for because in the UK and the world at large, we still do not have updated data protection laws that would secure our database from unauthorized access or leakage and therefore leaving us in harms way if our personal data was to fall into the hands of the wrong person because those watching us could pose a threat to us, instead of providing us with security. Surveillance encourages social discrimination relating to race and ethnicity as sometimes our personal data is used to determine the level of benefits we get in the society. Surveillance encourages deceit, dishonesty and function creep in the sense that the data controllers tell the people that they need their data for a particular purpose and end up using such data for another purpose. Also surveillance technologies help marketers to manipulate customers data in the sense that the use of Loyalty Cards which is common in the UK helps producers to monitor the resources of a customer by their shopping habits and as such they come up with ways to direct marketing to that customer in order to make profits and this is wrong. Another negative effect of a surveillance society which I consider to be the most crucial is the infringement of ones right to privacy and the total loss of an individuals anonymity in the society. Privacy is a fundamental right of every individual in a society but you find that in a surveillance society, it is not possible for one to exercise that right because everywhere you go, you cant be anonymous because cameras are watching in the streets and as such the whole idea of privacy and anonymity has been defeated. The above effects of surveillance are more negative than positive and much more has to be done to grant us more confidence that our society is safe. 3.0 The Right to Privacy In Relation to a Surveillance Society 3.1 What is Privacy? The concept of Privacy in relation to a surveillance society is of paramount importance because an individuals privacy in society is a constitutional right which should not be infringed. One cannot talk about a surveillance society without the issue of privacy. Privacy and surveillance cannot co-exist together without one being a hindrance to the other. A surveillance society cannot function without crossing the path of privacy while privacy cannot be secured in a surveillance society, which poses a dilemma to individuals because we are left with two options which are: (a)Choose Surveillance and forego your privacy and (b)Choose your Privacy and live with the possibility of being exposed to danger and risks at any time With these options, whatever choice will make us prone to loosing something important to our lives. 3.2 Definitions of Privacy Privacy was defined by Judge Cooley in the year 1888 as The right to be left alone   [14]  . Privacy has also been defined by some writers as: The right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information  [15]   Privacy is very important to individuals in the sense that it is the only form of dignity and pride individuals have. Therefore laws need to protect this right, otherwise people in a surveillance society will become puppets who have no control as to how their personal data and information is used and manipulated by the Puppet masters. Article 8 of the Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention), 1985 provides which was ratified by the Council of Europe provides that: (1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2)There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interest of national security, public safety of economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health morals or for the protection of the rights of freedoms of others.  [16]   This convention as of that year was not a confirmed law and its provisions could only be confirmed in European Courts and because UK was a signatory for the Council of Europe, the Convention applied to the UK but in 1998 the Human Rights Acts (HRA) was enacted in the UK and were incorporated into the UK law and a more recent Law was enacted in 2000 in charter (7) of the Fundamental rights of the European Union which provided for right to privacy in respect to modern day communication.  [17]   3.3 Issues of Privacy in Relation to a surveillance society A surveillance society is a huge area of contention in relation to privacy in the sense that it affects every aspect of an individuals life. Eric Barendt ,Described the fight between surveillance and privacy as (Political) he said: prominent figures mostly politicians, celebrities, members of the royal family are trying to protect their lives from media scrutiny meanwhile on the other hand the press which is surveillance in this case is fighting to retain their liberty of publication  [18]   He was also of the view that privacy is a fundamental human right that should not be Infringed on either by the government, business, individual or the media  [19]   As individuals in a surveillance society we need to have the right to preserve our privacy but if our actions keep on being monitored by technological or non-technological means of surveillance, it will leave a trail which can be traced back to us. Also, the fact that our personal data is constantly being transferred from one data base to another and processed by different processors makes access to our personal information easy. In the case of R v Brown  [20]  , Lord Hoffman in his judgement stated: Privacy which is the right to keep oneself to our self, to tell other people that certain things are none of their business is under technological threat due to the different and various types of surveillance e.g. surveillance cameras, telephone bugs, which are used by individuals in the society today.  [21]   Also in the case of Leander v Sweden  [22]  , Mr Torsten Leander was denied employment as a result of his personal information which was held in a register and was revealed to his employer without knowledge of the kind of information that was kept about him and for what purpose it will be used and this constituted a breach of his right to privacy provided for in Article 8 (1) Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention). In the case of Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers  [23]  , taking pictures of Miss Campbell outside the Nacortics Anonymous, breached her right to privacy when her photos were published. She appealed on the grounds of breach of confidence by the media and which is one of her fundamental human right and against the provisions of the Data protection Act (1998). The court of appeal was against the verdict of the case but on appeal the House of Lords passed judgement in her favour which also gave rise to other opinions concerning the extent to which ones privacy can be said to have been breached. In the case of Craxi v Italy, it was established that there was indeed an infringement of Article 8 of the European convention on human rights, though Mr. Craxi was guilty of committing certain offences, it was held that: the state failed to provide safe custody of the transcripts of telephone conversation which Were presented as evidence before the court and to subsequently carry out an effective Investigation as to how those private communications were released into public domain  [24]   Privacy is gradually becoming lost in our society irrespective of the different Laws that have been established in our society, we cant honestly say that they protect our personal information from the dangers of a surveillance society such as globalization, the internet and the continuous invention of new technologies by virtue of new discoveries. 4.0 REGULATIONS A society cannot exist without laws and supervisory authorities that would regulate the actions and behaviours of individuals. In a surveillance society, there is a great need for laws and bodies to be established in other to oversee and supervise the way our personal data is being used because without people watching those who process our data, there is a risk of danger to us as our information could be manipulated and used against us if it were to fall into wrong hands. Blackmail by criminals and discrimination to our person could result where medical data about an individual who has HIV or other deadly diseases was to leak, as the person could be subject to social discrimination and stigmatisation. As a result of this, different countries have supervisory authorities who possess some powers to ensure that our privacy is protected in a surveillance society. Article 28 (1) and (2) of the data protection Directive provides for the establishment of these supervisory authorities and their powers. In the UK we have the information commissioner meanwhile other member countries except Germany have a single supervisory authority who supervise the affairs of their personal data.  [25]   Different Laws have been enacted and put in place in our society today so as to make sure that our personal information is protected but these laws have their strengths and weaknesses and cannot be relied on completely by individuals in a surveillance society. Most of this law are guided by some basic principles such as: (a)Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. (b)Personal data should not be use for any purpose other than the purpose it was obtained for. (c)Personal data must be accurate and kept up to date. (d)An individual must be informed of when personal data about them is collected. (e)The purpose for which personal data was obtained should be stated. (f)The consent of the individual must be obtained before obtaining their personal information (g)Individuals must be told how their data will be protected from misuse. (I)Individuals should be told how they can access their data and should be able to verify its accuracy and request changes where necessary  [26]  . The above represent the basic fair information principles (FIP) that regulate the control of our personal data in a surveillance society. These principles exist side by side with some laws in controlling the use of our data. Some of these laws include: (1)European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. (2)Data Protection Act 1998. (3)Regulation of investigatory powers Act 2000. (4)Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001. (5)The Council of Europe Convention. (6)OECD 1980 Laws. (7)Telecommunications Directive (97/66/EC). (8) Electronic communications Act 2000. 4.1 Data Protection Act (1998) The need of data protections laws arouse out of the growing use of computers in the 1970s and the threat to personal privacy that rapid manipulation of data posed and as a result data was made easily accessible from many different points. Computer technology makes it possible for data to be transferred from one data base to another by data controllers and processors such as employers, companies, government agencies and so on and data subjects most of the time are not aware of the purpose for which their personal data is being used.  [27]   Schedule 1 of the Act provides for the principles of data protection, schedule 2 provides for all personal data and schedule 3 provides only for sensitive personal data. The Act defined personal data in section 1 as data which relate to a living individual who can be identified from those data or from those data which are under procession of or is likely to come into the possession of the data controller  [28]  . It also provides in section 2 for sensitive personal data which is personal data consisting of information as to racial or ethnic origin, sexual life, mental health, religious beliefs  [29]   The Act is a regulatory law that is recognised by the UK and as such section 6  [30]  of the Act provides for the Office of the Information Commissioner and the tribunal and their powers as supervisory authorities with regards to our personal data and this Act applies to the United Kingdom (UK) and any other (EEA) state by virtue of section 5 of this act  [31]   The Act also provides data subjects with some rights in order to protect their personal data such as: Right to access of our personal data Right to be informed of our personal data and the purpose for which they are used Right of rectification and erasure of data when it appears incorrect e.t.c Schedule 1 of the Data protection Act (1998) provided for eight principles which data controllers and processors are to apply when handling our personal data which is in conformity with the fair information principles mentioned above. 4.2ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ( OECD 1980) LAWS The OECD guidelines were adopted in 1980 on the protection of privacy and trans-border data flows of personal data. It comprised of 24 countries throughout the world and including the U.S and it was enacted to harmonize national privacy legislation and uphold human rights and prevent interruptions in international flows of data. The OECD 1980 guidelines include: (1)Collection limitation: There should be limits to the collection of personal data and it should be obtained by lawful means with the consent of the data subject where necessary (2)Data quality principle states that personal data should be relevant for the purposes in which they are used and should be accurate and up to date. (3)Purpose specification: The purpose for which the data was collected must be specified (4)Security safeguards principle for example loss, unauthorized access, destruction and so on should be observed. (5)Openness Principle (6)Individual participation principle (7)Accountability principle: A data controller should be accountable for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated above (8) Use limitation principle: Personal data should not be disclosed, made available or used for purposes other than those specified except with the consent of the data subject or the law.  [32]   4.3 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act (2001) This law was established to reduce the level of terrorism and crime and to provide for the retention of communications data and for many other connected purposes. This law is issued by the secretary of the state who from time to time can revise a code of practise in relation to the retention of communications providers of communications data obtained by and held by them in other to safeguard national security and prevent crime by virtue of section102 (1),(2) and (3) of the Act.  [33]   Judging from our analysis of a few laws, reports have shown that these privacy laws are not efficient enough to safeguard our privacy and personal data in a surveillance society. Other measures of regulation include: (1)Self regulation by the use of codes to regulates their conduct  [34]   (2)Privacy enhancing technologies (PET)  [35]   (3) Individual s

Study On Adaptive Delta Modulation And Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Study On Adaptive Delta Modulation And Demodulation Computer Science Essay A modem to improve communication system performance that uses multiple modulation scheme comprising modulation technique and encoder combinations. As communication system performance and objective change, different modulation schemes may be selected. Modulation schemes may also be selected upon the communication channel scattering function estimate and the modem estimates the channel scattering function from measurements of the channels frequency (Doppler) and time (multipath) spreading characteristics. An Adaptive sigma delta modulation and demodulation technique, wherein a quantizer step size is adapted based on estimates of an input signal to the quantizer, rather than on estimates of an input signal to the modulator. A technique for digital conferencing of voice signals in systems using adaptive delta modulation (ADM) with an idle pattern of alternating 1s and 0s has been described. Based on majority logic, it permits distortion-free reception of voice of a single active subscriber by all the other subscribers in the conference. Distortion exists when more than one subscriber is active and the extent of this distortion depends upon the type of ADM algorithm that has been used. An LSI oriented system based on time sharing of a common circuit by a number of channels has been implemented and tested. This technique, with only minor changes in circuitry, handles ADM channels that have idle patterns different from alternating single 1s and 0s. This method used for noise reduction. The modulator factor does not require a large amount of data to be represented. Representation is based upon a frequency domain function having particular characteristics. A preferred embodiment of the invention incorporates transform or sub band filtered signals which are transmitted as a modulated analog representation of a local region of a video signal. The modulation factor reflects the particular characteristic. Side information specifies the modulation factor 1.2. Aim: Digital techniques to wirelessly communicate voice information. Wireless environments are inherently noisy, so the voice coding scheme chosen for such an application must be robust in the presence of bit errors. Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly used in wireless consumer products for their compromise between voice quality and implementation cost. Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) is another voice coding scheme, a mature technique that should be considered for these applications because of its bit error robustness and its low implementation cost. 1.3. Objective: To show the Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) voice coding scheme which is the best coding scheme procedure when compare to all other techniques. The main part of the procedure is illustrated. 1.4. Methodology: Getting knowledge over different modulation and demodulation techniques Understanding Delta modulation and Adaptive delta modulation. Studying Matlab-Simulink which is used for designing of circuit. Implementing the circuit in the lab. Tuning and fixing and calculating its efficiency CHAPTER I Delta Modulation: Delta modulation is also abbreviated as DM or Ά-modulation. It is a technique of conversion from an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal. If we want to transmit the voice we use this technique. In this technique we do not give that much of importance to the quality of the voice. DM is nothing but the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM). But there is some difference between these two techniques. In DPCM technique the successive samples are encoded into streams of n-bit data. But in delta modulation, the transmitted data is reduced to a 1-bit data stream. Main features: * The analog signal is similar as a series of segments. * To find the increase or decrease in relative amplitude, we should compare each and every segment of the approximated signal with the original analog wave. * By this comparison of original and approximated analog waves we can determine the successive bits for establishing. * only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample. By using oversampling techniques in delta modulation we can get large high signal-to-noise ratio. That means the analog signal is sampled at multiple higher than the Nyquist rate. Principle In delta modulation, it quantizes the difference between the current and the previous step rather than the absolute value quantization of the input analog waveform, which is shown in fig 1. Fig. 1 Block diagram of a Ά-modulator/demodulator The quantizer of the delta modulator converts the difference between the input signal and the average of the previous steps. The quantizer is measured by a comparator with reference to 0 (in 2- level quantizer), and its output is either 1 or 0. 1 means input signal is positive and 0 means negative. It is also called as a bit-quantizer because it quantizes only one bit at a time. The output of the demodulator rises or falls because it is nothing but an Integrator circuit. If 1 received means the output raises and if 0 received means output falls. The integrator internally has a low-pass filter it self. Transfer Characteristics A signum function is followed by the delta modulator for the transfer characteristics. It quantizes only levels of two number and also for at a time only one-bit. Output signal power In delta modulation amplitude it is does not matter that there is no objection on the amplitude of the signal waveform, due to there is any fixed number of levels. In addition to, there is no limitation on the slope of the signal waveform in delta modulation. We can observe whether a slope is overload if so it can be avoided. However, in transmitted signal there is no limit to change. The signal waveform changes gradually. Bit-rate The interference is due to possibility of in either DM or PCM is due to limited bandwidth in communication channel. Because of the above reason DM and PCM operates at same bit-rate. Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) Another type of DM is Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). In which the step-size isnt fixed. The step-size becomes progressively larger when slope overload occurs. When quantization error is increasing with expensive the slope error is also reduced by ADM. By using a low pass filter this should be reduced. The basic delta modulator was studied in the experiment entitled Delta modulation. It is implemented by the arrangement shown in block diagram form in Figure Figure: Basic Delta Modulation A large step size was required when sampling those parts of the input waveform of steep slope. But a large step size worsened the granularity of the sampled signal when the waveform being sampled was changing slowly. A small step size is preferred in regions where the message has a small slope. This suggests the need for a controllable step size the control being sensitive to the slope of the sampled signal. This can be implemented by an arrangement such as is illustrated in Figure Fig: An Adaptive Delta Modulator The gain of the amplifier is adjusted in response to a control voltage from the SAMPLER, which signals the onset of slope overload. The step size is proportional to the amplifier gain. This was observed in an earlier experiment. Slope overload is indicated by a succession of output pulses of the same sign. The TIMS SAMPLER monitors the delta modulated signal, and signals when there is no change of polarity over 3 or more successive samples. The actual ADAPTIVE CONTROL signal is +2 volt under normal conditions, and rises to +4 volt when slope overload is detected. The gain of the amplifier, and hence the step size, is made proportional to this Control voltage. Provided the slope overload was only moderate the approximation will catch up with the wave being sampled. The gain will then return to normal until the sampler again falls behind. Comparison of PCM and DM When coming to comparison of Signal-to-noise ratio DM has larger value than signal-to-noise ratio of PCM. Also for an ADM signal-to-noise ratio when compared to Signal-to-noise ratio of companded PCM. Complex coders and decoders are required for powerful PCM. If to increase the resolution we require a large number of bits per sample. There are no memories in Standard PCM systems each sample value is separately encoded into a series of binary digits. An alternative, which overcomes some limitations of PCM, is to use past information in the encoding process. Delta modulation is the one way of doing to perform source coding. The signal is first quantized into discrete levels. For quantization process the step size between adjacent samples should be kept constant. From one level to an adjacent one the signal makes a transition of transmission. After the quantization operation is done, sending a zero for a negative transition and a one for a positive transition the signal transmission is achieved. We can observe from this point that the quantized signal must change at each sampling point. The transmitted bit train would be 111100010111110 for the above case. The demodulator for a delta-modulated signal is nothing but a staircase generator. To increments the staircase in positively a one should be received. For negative increments a zero should be receive. This is done by a low pass filter in general. The main thing for the delta modulation is to make the right choice of step size and sampling period. A term overloading is occurred when a signal changes randomly fast for the steps to follow. The step size and the sampling period are the important parameters. In modern consumer electronics short-range digital voice transmission is used. There are many products which uses digital techniques. Such as cordless telephones, wireless headsets (for mobile and landline telephones), baby monitors are few of the items. This digital techniques used Wirelessly communicate voice information. Due to inherent noise in wireless environments the Voice coding scheme chosen. For such an application the presence of robust bit errors must be. In the presence of bit errors Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly used in wireless consumer products. This is due to their compromise between voice quality and implementation cost, but these are not robust schemes. Another important voice coding scheme is Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). It is a mature technique for consideration for these types of applications due to its robustness in bit error and its low implementation cost. To quantize the difference between the current sample and the predicted value of the next Sample ADM is used. It uses a variable called step height which is used to adjustment of the prediction value of the next sample. For the reproduction of both slowly and rapidly changing input signals faithfully. In ADM, the representation of each sample is one bit (i.e. 1 or 0). It does not require any data framing for one-bit-per-sample stream to minimizing the workload on the host microcontroller. In any digital wireless application there should be Bit errors. In ideal environment most of the voice coding techniques are provided which are good in quality of audio signals. The main thing is to provide good audio signals in everyday environment, there may be a presence of bit errors. For different voice coding methods and input signals the traditional performance metrics (e.g. SNR) does not measure accurately in audio quality. . Mean Opinion Score (MOS) testing is the main important parameter which overcomes the limitations of other metrics by successfully in audio quality. For audio quality the MOS testing is used. It is a scale of 1 to 5 which tells the audio quality status. In there 1 represents very less (bad) speech quality and 5 represents excellent speech quality. A toll quality speech has a MOS score of 4 or higher than it. The audio quality of a traditional telephone call has same MOS value as above. The below graphs shows the relationship between MOS scores and bit errors for three of the most common voice coding schemes. Those are CVSD, ÃŽÂ ¼-law PCM, and ADPCM. A continuously Variable Slope Delta (CVSD) coding is a member of the ADM family in voice coding schemes. The below graph shows the resulted audio quality (i.e. MOS score). All three schemes explain the number of bit errors. As the no of bit errors increases the graph indicates that ADM (CVSD) sounds better than the other schemes which are also increase. In an ADM design error detection and correction typically are not used because ADM provides poor performance in the presence of bit errors. This leads to reduction in host processor workload (allowing a low-cost processor to be used). The superior noise immunity significantly reduced for wireless applications in voice coding method. The ADM is supported strongly by workload for the host processor. The following example shows the benefits of ADM for wireless applications and is demonstrated. For a complete wireless voice product this low-power design is used which includes all of the building blocks, small form-factor, including the necessary items. ADM voice codec Microcontroller RF transceiver Power supply including rechargeable battery Microphone, speaker, amplifiers, etc. Schematics, board layout files, and microcontroller code written in C. Delta modulation (DM) may be viewed as a simplified form of DPCM in which a two level (1-bit) quantizer is used in conjunction with a fixed first-order predictor. The block diagram of a DM encoder-decoder is shown below.   The dm_demo shows the use of Delta Modulation to approximate an input sine wave signal and a speech signal that were sampled at 2 KHz and 44 KHz, respectively. The source code file of the MATLAB code and the out put can be viewed using MATLAB. Notice that the approximated value follows the input value much closer when the sampling rate is higher. You may test this by changing sampling frequency, fs, value for sine wave in dm_demo file. Since DM (Delta Modulator) approximate a waveform Sa (t) by a linear staircase function, the waveform Sa (t) must change slowly relative to the sampling rate. This requirement implies that waveform Sa (t) must be oversampled, i.e., at least five times the Nyquist rate. Oversampling means that the signal is sampled faster than is necessary. In the case of Delta Modulation this means that the sampling rate will be much higher than the minimum rate of twice the bandwidth. Delta Modulation requires oversampling in order to obtain an accurate prediction of the next input. Since each encoded sample contains a relatively small amount of information Delta Modulation systems require higher sampling rates than PCM systems. At any given sampling rate, two types of distortion, as shown below limit the performance of the DM encoder.   Slope overload distortion: This type of distortion is due to the use of a step size delta that is too small to follow portions of the waveform that have a steep slope. It can be reduced by increasing the step size. Granular noise: This results from using a step size that is too large too large in parts of the waveform having a small slope. Granular noise can be reduced by decreasing the step size. Even for an optimized step size, the performance of the DM encoder may still be less satisfactory. An alternative solution is to employ a variable step size that adapts itself to the short-term characteristics of the source signal. That is the step size is increased when the waveform has a step slope and decreased when the waveform has a relatively small slope. This strategy is called adaptive DM (ADM). Block Diagram Adaptive Delta Modulation for Audio Signals: While transmitting speech for e.g. telephony the transfer rate should be kept as small as possible to save bandwidth because of economic reason. For this purpose Delta Modulation, adaptive Delta modulation, Differential Pulse-Code modulation is used to compress the data. In this different kind of Delta modulations and Differential Pulse Code modulations (DPCM) were realized to compress audio data. At first the principal of compressing audio data are explained, which the modulations based on. Mathematical equations (e.g. Auto Correlation) and algorithm (LD recursion) are used to develop solutions. Based on the mathematics and principals Simulink models were implemented for the Delta modulation, Adaptive Delta modulation as well as for the adaptive Differential Pulse Code modulation. The theories were verified by applying measured signals on these models. CHAPTER II Pulse-code modulation: Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals, which was invented by Alec Reeves in 1937. It is the standard form for digital audio in computers and various Compact Disc and DVD formats, as well as other uses such as digital telephone systems. A PCM stream is a digital representation of an analog signal, in which the magnitude of the analogue signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with each sample being quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. PCM streams have two basic properties that determine their fidelity to the original analog signal: the sampling rate, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the bit-depth, which determines the number of possible digital values that each sample can take. Digitization as part of the PCM process In conventional PCM, the analog signal may be processed (e.g. by amplitude compression) before being digitized. Once the signal is digitized, the PCM signal is usually subjected to further processing (e.g. digital data compression). PCM with linear quantization is known as Linear PCM (LPCM). Some forms of PCM combine signal processing with coding. Older versions of these systems applied the processing in the analog domain as part of the A/D process; newer implementations do so in the digital domain. These simple techniques have been largely rendered obsolete by modern transform-based audio compression techniques. * DPCM encodes the PCM values as differences between the current and the predicted value. An algorithm predicts the next sample based on the previous samples, and the encoder stores only the difference between this prediction and the actual value. If the prediction is reasonable, fewer bits can be used to represent the same information. For audio, this type of encoding reduces the number of bits required per sample by about 25% compared to PCM. * Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio. * Delta modulation is a form of DPCM which uses one bit per sample. In telephony, a standard audio signal for a single phone call is encoded as 8000 analog samples per second, of 8 bits each, giving a 64 Kbit/s digital signal known as DS0. The default signal compression encoding on a DS0 is either ÃŽÂ ¼-law (mu-law) PCM (North America and Japan) or A-law PCM (Europe and most of the rest of the world). These are logarithmic compression systems where a 12 or 13-bit linear PCM sample number is mapped into an 8-bit value. This system is described by international standard G.711. An alternative proposal for a floating point representation, with 5-bit mantissa and 3-bit radix, was abandoned. Where circuit costs are high and loss of voice quality is acceptable, it sometimes makes sense to compress the voice signal even further. An ADPCM algorithm is used to map a series of 8-bit  µ-law or A-law PCM samples into a series of 4-bit ADPCM samples. In this way, the capacity of the line is doubled. The technique is detailed in the G.726 standard. Later it was found that even further compression was possible and additional standards were published. Pulse code modulation (PCM) data are transmitted as a serial bit stream of binary-coded time-division multiplexed words. When PCM is transmitted, premodulation filtering shall be used to confine the radiated RF spectrum. These standards define pulse train structure and system design characteristics for the implementation of PCM telemetry formats. Class Distinctions and Bit-Oriented Characteristics The PCM formats are divided into two classes for reference. Serial bit stream characteristics are described below prior to frame and word oriented definitions. Two classes of PCM formats are covered in this chapter: the basic, simpler types are class I, and the more complex applications are class II. The use of any class II technique requires concurrence of the range involved. All formats with characteristics described in these standards are class I except those identified as class II. The following are examples of class II characteristics: a. Bit rates greater than 10 megabits per second b. Word length in excess of 32 bits. c. fragmented words d. more than 8192 bits or 1024 words per minor frame. e. uneven spacing, not within the definition of sub commutation or super commutation f. Format changes. g. asynchronous embedded formats h. tagged data formats. i. packet telemetry j. formats with data content other than unsigned straight binary, discrete, or complement arithmetic representation for negative numbers such as floating point variables, binary-coded decimal, and gain-and-value k. asynchronous data transmission l. merger of multiple format types Demodulation: Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave. These terms are traditionally used in connection with radio receivers, but many other systems use many kinds of demodulators. Another common one is in a modem, which is a contraction of the terms modulator/demodulator. Techniques: There are several ways of demodulation depending on how parameters of the base-band signal are transmitted in the carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency or phase. For example, for a signal modulated with a linear modulation, like AM (Amplitude Modulated), we can use a synchronous detector. On the other hand, for a signal modulated with an angular modulation, we must use an FM (Frequency Modulation) demodulator or a PM (Phase Modulation) demodulator. Different kinds of circuits perform these functions. Many techniques-such as carrier recovery, clock recovery, bit slip, frame synchronization, rake receiver, pulse compression, Received Signal Strength Indication, error detection and correction, etc. are only performed by demodulators, although any specific demodulator may perform only some or none of these techniques. Some Attributes of Demodulated data One important attribute of demodulation (or demod) data is that it focuses on high frequency vibration. Using a high pass filter, low frequency data is filtered out and a data collector is able to zoom in on low level high frequency vibration. This means that some peaks that would otherwise be lost in the noise floor of a normal narrow band spectrum (much lower than the normal vibration a machine emits) can be detected using demodulation techniques. Another feature of demod, or of high frequency vibration in general, is that it is easily attenuated and does not travel well through a machines structure (termed the disco effect). As one moves away from a loud music source, one tends to hear only the bass, or low frequency sound, since the treble or high frequency sounds dissipate rather quickly. This implies that vibration detected with demod is usually produced locally. In the case of a motor driving a pump through a coupling, demod data collected on the pump end will usually reflect the vibration emitted by the pump end. Lower frequency vibration may be transmitted through the coupling and may even be amplified on the other end of the machine depending upon its mobility. CHAPTER III Results: Critical Analysis: CHAPTER IV Conclusion: Short-range wireless digital voice transmission is used extensively in contemporary consumer electronics. Products such as cordless telephones, wireless headsets (for mobile and landline telephones) and baby monitors are just a few of the items that use digital techniques to wirelessly communicate voice information. Wireless environments are inherently noisy, so the voice coding scheme chosen for such an application must be robust in the presence of bit errors. Pulse coded modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly used in wireless consumer products for their compromise between voice quality and implementation cost, but these schemes are not particularly robust in the presence of bit errors. Adaptive delta modulation (ADM) is a mature technique that should be considered for these applications because of its bit error robustness and its low implementation cost. ADM is a voice coding technique that quantizes the difference between the current sample and the predicted value of the next sample. It uses a variable step height to adjust the predicted value of the next sample so that both slowly and rapidly changing input signals can be faithfully reproduced. One bit is used to represent each sample in ADM. The one-bit-per-sample ADM data stream requires no data framing, thereby minimizing the workload on the host microcontroller. CHAPTER V

Ideas of the Parthenon Essay -- essays research papers

The Greek people of the 5th century BC created a culture that was deeply rooted in philosophy and the arts. Their endless search for their place in the grand scheme of the universe and in nature around them influenced everything in their lives especially their love of the arts. Their drama, sculpture, and even architecture are all shining examples of the ideas that were so dominant in the minds of the Greek people. What could be considered the crown jewel of Greek architecture, the Parthenon, is one such of these examples. It brings into form the three principal ideas of humanism, rationalism, and idealism of the 5th century Greek people through not only its structure, but its ornamentation and sculpture as well. The basis of humanism can be summed up in the words of Protagoras, â€Å"Man is the measure of all things.† Humanism is the idea that human beings are the yardstick by with to measure all things in the universe, including Greek gods and goddesses. The Parthenon stands for this very idea through the fact that it is a human organization of space. It brings an understandable order into a chaotic space that would otherwise be incomprehensible to a human being. It allows a human to see the space and recognize it as something that is real. It also consists of repeated patterns and distance intervals throughout its structure that add to this order. The metopes, for example, are set in an alternating pattern with the triglyphs around the entire building at distinct intervals bringing a clear order to the entablature of the Parthenon. The columns that support the Parthenon are also placed in certain distance intervals from each other and coincide with the pattern formed by the metopes and triglyphs. These columns, however, are not in a perfect pattern of equal distances around the entire Parthenon. The columns on either side of the doorway to the Parthenon are placed a little farther apart than the rest to show a clear entrance to the building. Also the corner columns of the building are positioned slightly closer to their neighboring columns in order to compensate for the human eye. Without this compensation the columns would give the illusion of leaning outward and being farther apart than the rest of the columns because of the distortion of such a large structure to the human eye. The stylobate that the columns rest on is also built to allow for this op... ...ding hints to the fact that the Parthenon is a place that is not meant for a human or even built with a human being in mind. For example, the steps of the Parthenon are to such a large scale that is clumsy and awkward for a man’s normal stride, but in the Greek mind, the perfect distance and size for that of a goddess. The entrance to the Parthenon, through it’s colossal size, denotes that a human is not the main concern when it comes to entering and exiting of this building in the mind of the architect. The 5th century Greek people played a pivotal role in the shaping of not only the world of philosophy but also the world of art and architecture. Their ideas of humanism, rationalism, and idealism were the things that brought to life the artwork of their time and still effects ours to this day. The Parthenon, with its bulging columns, its repeated ratios, and its colossal size expresses how these ideas formed the structure of the building and then shows how the same ideas brought to form the beautiful pediments and sculptures that give us a deeper insight into the minds and hearts of the Greek people. The Parthenon is truly an elaborate time capsule overflowing with Greek ideas.

Honda Cars :: essays research papers fc

Racial Riots in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past century, beginning before World War I, many incidents have occurred involving white mob assaults against entire black communities. In most of the cases these white mobs attacked the black neighborhoods, beating and killing the residents in many numbers. They also set fire and destroyed the blacks property. This was the result of the white society trying to maintain their superiority over the black communities, keeping them as the minority. These brutal confrontations are mostly referred to as race riots. Out of the many and many of these race riots that have been committed over the years, I have chosen a few to talk about in my paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In September of 1906, in Atlanta, Georgia, months of fury had broken out of race hatred. The newspapers had begun to treat black crime, mostly rape and assault, in an inflammatory manner. It had been reported that twelve white females had been raped in on week. The impression was given that it was black males who had been doing this. That began the riot. Mobs of whites murdered blacks, also destroying and looting their homes and places of work. This came with little help from the local authorities. The blacks attempted to resist the whites, but were too outnumbered. Some blacks armed themselves in self-defense, but were arrested. After the rioting went on for four days, two whites and ten blacks were dead with hundreds injured, and over a thousand had left the city. In 1917, in East St. Louis, many white working men felt that blacks were threatening their political and social status. After workers of a labor union at an aluminum plant went on strike in April of 1917, the plant hired blacks to do the work. When a militia, of both white and black, destroyed the strike the whites blamed the blacks for the defeat of the strike. A rioted was started, when whites began to burn and demolish black’s buildings. Many blacks were also beaten, and the only thing that the police did was to take the injured to the hospital. On July 1, a few whites in a Ford car drove down streets in a major Negro part of town. They shoot into many homes and buildings. After this the blacks armed themselves, so when the police came to investigate, who also were driving in a Ford, the blacks fired upon them, killing two police men.

Phonics vs, the Look Say Method

Over the past decades, the decline in the rate of literacy in America has baffled many. At least 20% of high school graduates are functionally illiterate, despite the education they receive in the public school system. As these graduates enter the world reading at an elementary level, they are unable to live a normal life, which leads to poverty and can lead to delinquency and imprisonment. This decline is not only a decline of literacy, but also a decline of independence, ingenuity, and responsibility.The beginning of this decline can be traced back to a certain event in the history of the public school system: the introduction of the look say method in the 1930s. Ever since the look say method, or Whole Word instruction, took the place of phonics, the number of illiterate graduates has grown higher and higher. Evidence proves that the look say method is not sufficient to properly teach students how to read. Phonics is far superior to the look say method of learning to read. First o f all, phonics is better than the look say method of learning to read because phonics has a firmer foundation than the look say method.Phonics is based on rules that the child memorizes; therefore, when he has memorized these rules, he can read almost any word he sees. A small article by the Abeka reading programs shows many rules that are taught in phonics, such as the following: â€Å"When there is one vowel in a word, that vowel usually says its short sound† and â€Å"when there are two vowels in a word, the first vowel says its long sound, and second vowel is silent† (â€Å"Six Easy Steps to Reading,† 1). When the child learns definite rules such as these, he is more likely to apply them because he knows that they will not change.Sebastian Wren writes in his article â€Å"Developing Research-based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher,† he tells that â€Å"children are explicitly taught the ‘rules’ about the way words are written an d spelled, and they are taught spelling-sound relationships. After the teacher provides an explicit lesson in a particular Phonics rule, the child is presented with a passage text that contains many words consistent with that rule. This provides the child with an opportunity to apply each Phonics rule on a variety of words in context of the passage.The goal of the Phonics teacher, then, is to instill the children with the Phonics rules and the common spelling-sound relationships, and to teach children to apply this knowledge in sounding-out each word they encounter, making that assumption that comprehension and appreciation will be a natural consequence of accuracy† (Wren, 1). Basically, when the child is taught these rules and then given the opportunity try the rules, he will find that these rules can help him to read with ease. In contrast, the look say method has no definite rules that he can put into practice as he reads.Phonics is better than the look say method because i t has a definite set of rules that the child can apply when he reads. The look say method requires much guessing if the child does not know the word that he is trying to read. Because he has not been taught definite rules like those of the phonics method, he is unsure of how to accomplish the task of reading. In her book The Good School, Peg Tyre tells: â€Å"‘Instead of children being expected to learn individual letters by rote memory, then syllables, and finally words, they were given books with pictures of common objects.Underneath each picture was its simple name. ’ Kids were taught to derive meaning from words by memorizing the look of the words, or looking at the picture and guessing, or reviewing the context and extrapolating, instead of sounding them out† (96). Rather than being taught how to read using rules and hints, the children are taught to read by guessing what the word is based on the context. Samuel L. Blumenfeld explains in his book The New Ill iterates some of what the students are taught: â€Å"He is taught the names of seventeen consonant letters and their sound values only as appear at the beginnings of words.What phonetic value they have in the middle of words is neither considered nor discussed. The letter is taught merely as a phonetic clue to the word—one clue among several taught as word-attack skills. In fact, the child is not encouraged to use a phonetic clue until he has first exhausted context and word-form clues. If these fail him, then he is to try the phonetic clue of the initial-consonant sound† (74). Phonetic rules are not demonstrated clearly, and looking at the context to determine the word and its meaning is encouraged. However, simply guessing what the word is only makes the child unsure of himself.Phonics and its rules are far better to teach than the look say method and its guessing. Secondly, phonics is better than the look say method because it is far easier for the child to comprehe nd, conquer, and enjoy. In an article entitle â€Å"Whole Language vs. Phonics,† Sebastien Wren, Ph. D. says that the look say method is â€Å"nothing more than the rote memorization of every word in the English language† (â€Å"Whole Language vs. Phonics,† 1). The look say method basically requires the student to basically memorize every single English word in existence, an extremely difficult feat for a young person.The article â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics† tells that â€Å"only the smartest Chinese can memorize 20,000 of their ideograms, but Whole Word promoters expect you to memorize 50,000 to 10,000 English words. In short, Whole Word expects ordinary people to accomplish a feat that’s only possible with a photographic memory† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1). A young student can hardly expect to conquer reading this way. Memorizing that many words is absolutely ludicrous when one could read them if they knew the simple r ules of phonics. Phonics is especially needed with someone who may be slow at learning.Blumenfeld writes it in his book NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education: â€Å"Slow learners in particular found look-say ‘overwhelmingly difficult. ’ That would explain why before look-say was adopted slow learners learned to read without great difficulty via the alphabetic phonics method† (118). The phonics method is far easier than the look say method to understand for any person. Progress with the phonics method is far more rapid than that of the look say method. The article â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics says :â€Å"Phonics, it is claimed, can teach almost all children to read by the end of first grade.The reading may be slow and halting at first, but in a few years the child is able to read ordinary books for amusement or education† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1). This is vastly more rapid than the look say method. The article continues: â€Å"In fact, few students can memorize even 300 words per year. This difficulty is confirmed all over the Internet by lists of sight words that have third grade students learning simple one-syllable words such as: bring, clean, cut, done, draw, drink, eight, fall, far, full, got, grow, hold, hot, hurt, if, and keep† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1).Students learning phonics would have conquered these words in the first grade, if not sooner. The progress of the look say method is significantly slower than that of the phonics method. Phonics is more entertaining for the child, whereas the look say method becomes dull and monotonous. Learning phonics is more interesting for the child because they are able to use the rules themselves and apply it to the words themselves. However, the look say method is very repetitious. Blumenfeld writes the following about his research in his book The New Illiterates: â€Å"Oh is repeated 138 times and see 176.Repetitions of these two words alone must equal the entire wordage of the first Pre-Primer. What a slow, tedious, monotonous way to learn two words! † (43). The look say method is dull and monotonous to the point of being just unnecessary. The children who are taught this method become extremely averse to reading because the way that they were taught is so tedious and uninteresting. Phonics is better than the look say method because it easier for the child to comprehend, conquer, and enjoy.Finally, the phonics method produces a larger number of competent, literate students than that of the look say method. Phonics gives the students a sense of definite understanding and accomplishment that can encourage them to make something of themselves. Because they feel confident, they will want to show the world what they can do. However, the reading students that the look say method produces do not feel as confident. The disappointment that this child will feel because he cannot read is acute.In his book NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education, Samuel L. Blumenfeld cites an article by Dr. Samuel T. Orton: â€Å"Faulty teaching methods may not only prevent the acquisition of academic education by children of average capacity but may also give rise to far reaching damage to their emotional life† (111). The look say method could not only cause the child to be a poor reader but also harm the child’s confidence. However, the phonics method gives the child a desire to use this ability to make a name for himself.Students who cannot read well are less likely to be productive in productive in their living. In her book The Good School: How Smart Parents Get Their Kids the Education They Deserve, Peg Tyre tells of some research on the outcome of learning the look say method: â€Å"Seventy-four percent of struggling third-grade readers still struggle in ninth grade, which in turn makes it hard to graduate from high school. Those who do manage to press on—and who manage to graduate fr om high school—often find that their dreams of succeeding in higher education are frustratingly elusive.It won’t surprise you to know that kids who struggle in reading grow up to be adults who struggle to hold on to steady work—they are more likely to experience periods of prolonged unemployment, require welfare services, and are more likely to end up in jail† (94). Learning the look say method has wrought horrible effects on the lives of many students in terms of their future. Because these students were taught how to read using the look say method and therefore do not read well, they are most likely not going to live productively. Phonics is far better than the look say method of learning to read.Evidence proves that the look say method is not teaching students how to read properly. The public school claims that they teach children how to read exceptionally well; however, if that is the case, these students who graduate should be reading at high levels. But as more and more functionally illiterate students graduate, they find it extremely difficult to live the lives they had always dreamed for themselves because they cannot read well. This inability to read leads to many of the problems that are in society today, such as unemployment, negligence, and dependence on the government.

SERVICE LEARNING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

AbstractionThis research will analyze the evidences for implementing SL at University of Prishtina, by analysing the pupils ‘ attitude towards SL. It will concentrate in happening the most appropriate methods of how to implement SL in ESL and motivate instructors and pupils to be portion of it. The survey will be investigated through pupil ‘s questionnaire, teacher ‘s questionnaire, and concentrate group where pupils will be take parting. These methods will be used in order to analyze the pupils ‘ experience and sentiments on service acquisition in ESL, and teacher ‘s readiness and willingness to integrate Service Learning in their ESL instruction environment. The survey will reply the research inquiries and formalize the hypotheses. Analysis of consequences will be used in order to set up the evidences for implementing Service Learning into the bing course of study in ESL plans and giving the pupils an chance to use experience and cognition in existent life state of affairss.IntroductionService Learning isa new attack that merges the academic work with existent life state of affairss, this encourages the pupils to reflect on their ain experience in life and believe in a critical manner about it.Its chief constituents are reflection and experience. Service acquisition is built on squad work, it combines larning aims with service aims, Teachs duty to immature pupils and raises community demands awareness through instruction. The concluding end of Service Learning is run intoing class contents while prosecuting pupils in acquisition by making and reflecting upon their ain experience. The brooding action and the experience that is put frontwa rd in this type of larning develops pupil ‘s intelligence and forms their manner of larning while taking to organize their single course of study. Harmonizing to Dewey: â€Å" Education should promote engagement within the community, develop accomplishments that will work out existent life jobs, and learn the pupils to go responsible citizens † ( Dewey, 1938 ) . This thought is implemented in US instruction system. In station communist states such as Kosovo community based undertakings were non portion of instruction. Education was led by an iron-fist methodological analysis that was implemented in national course of study, which glorified the communism as a perfect political orientation. There was no room for inventions or any sort of service other than Communist. However, this epoch came to an terminal and gave room to new epoch and political orientations that will convey productive methods and attacks in instruction. As a consequence of the stray policy that former Communist states experienced today the demand for Service Learning in the Balkans is bigger than of all time and the demand for its execution into national course of study is critical. The industrialisation, globalisation challenges and the new world in Kosovo require an advanced instruction, a manner that will put the focal point in existent life, in the community and the existent jobs, a manner based on acquisition by making. There is an inaugural about implementing Service Learning in the Balkans. Since this correlates with to day of the month democracy, and this being the primary focal point of the Balkan states the involvement grows every twenty-four hours. To exemplify the attempt for implementing SL in ESL I will advert some enterprises: Service Learning Conference, held in Bijela, Montenegro in June, 2006 under the subject: â€Å" Increasing Community Impact and Educational Outcomes in Higher Education † . This was a plan that was developed by the South – Eastern Europe Junior Faculty, and was supported by the American Councils. This was an enterprise for the Balkans and it continues to develop and spread out as a plan in the part. On schoolroom execution of SL it is valuable to advert the innovator of this method in FYROM, severally in the SEEU, Aida Koci. As a JFDP alumnus she modified her talks in order her pupils to understand the challenges that particular needs pupils face every twenty-four hours. This speaks loud that service Learning can be implemented in every class topic, in this peculiar one she used her â€Å" Needs Analysis † class to make and affect pupils in a meaningful seminar where they had the opportunity to personally hear the challenges of two handicapped pupils and the experts of that field. Ms Koci ‘s hope that the pupils will reflect on the experience and the cognition gained from this undertaking in their future employment as instructors marked this enterprise as a milepost in the huge see of SL chance.1.1 Research AimsThe general purpose of this research is to research instructor ‘s willingness to implement SL into ESL plan. At the same clip, the research will analyz e the pupils ‘ positions on SL as a undertaking oriented plan. The probe of this research will be done through a questionnaire and a focal point group.1.2 The major aims of this survey are:To place the possibilities of farther implementing SL at University of Prishtina. To analyse the pupils ‘ attitude towards SL. To urge the most appropriate methods of how to implement SL in the course of study and motivate instructors and pupils to be portion of it.Literature ReviewService acquisition is dedicated to implement alterations within an educational system by perpetrating to it with serious motive that derives from agent ‘s involvement, emotions and spirit. These tools make Service larning a device that will take towards a alteration that will ensue with higher thought accomplishments in scholars, improved ability to reflect on experience, better apprehension of existent life jobs, battle in the community where scholar lives, and readying for life outside of the schoolroom. A young person geared with such accomplishments will without any uncertainties pave the route to a brighter problem-solving hereafter. A peculiar topic that requires a particular involvement in my part and besides broader is the ESL plan and the debut of Service Learning in this plan. The common inquiries that ESL instructors ask are the undermentioned: 1. Have my pupils learned what they were taught? 2. Can they utilize what they were taught in existent life state of affairss? 3. Is at that place knowledge functioning them in category merely? 4. And eventually, can they be fluent in existent life state of affairss when utilizing English Language? Thankss to the work and theories of many research workers the first stairss are taken towards implementing positive alterations to current instruction and ESL. The pillar of this thought was installed by John Dewey, to whose work and accomplishments we must mention when talking about larning based on experience. In Experience and NatureDewey provinces that experiential acquisition has an impact on epistemology, ( quoted by Kolb 1984, p. 161 ) : â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the ways in which we believe and expect have a enormous consequence on what we believe and expect aˆÂ ¦ We discover that we believe many things non because the things are so but because we have become habituated ( to them ) through the weight of authorization, by imitation, prestigiousness, establishment, and unconscious consequence of linguistic communication † . These two impressions that Dewey emphasized: the connexion of the pupils with acquisition, and how pupils know what they know is in fact believed to ease 2nd linguistic communication acquisition at best because is self- goaded manner and non imposed by another party, authorization, or a instructor. Besides experience, contemplation is another important constituent of the learning rhythm. Harmonizing to David Kolb: â€Å" The scholar is straight in touch with the worlds being studiedaˆÂ ¦ ( He or she has a direct brush with the phenomenon being studied ) , instead simply believing about the brush or merely sing the possibility of making something with it † . This construct is non new, and it is a really of import 1 for ESL categories excessively. Language scholars need a context that they understand and which is meaningful excessively. Here is what Mary Ann Christison, in â€Å" Applications of Brain-Based Research for Second Language Teaching and Learning † ( 1999 ) , inferred about the meaningful context in Language Learning ( quoted by Minor 2001 ) : â€Å" Facts and accomplishments that are taught in isolation and non connected to something meaningful can non be remembered without considerable pattern and dry run†¦ Second linguistic communication schoolroom activities that are meaningful create an ideal acquisition chance for 2nd linguistic communication pupils to larn more information in a shorter clip, with less attempt † . In an ESL category pupils ‘ cognitive accomplishments and acquisition enhances merely when they are exposed to context that relates to significance. Harmonizing to Laura Latulippe ( 1999 ) pupils ‘ proficiency in linguistic communication is in direct correlativity with the sum of their exposure to meaningful context and they should be exposed to it wheresoever and whenever possible. Another benefit for the pupils of ESL is the development of humane values ( Minor 2001 ) , and the true image about the society and its value. On this Howard Berry and Linda Chisholm ( 1999 ) , believe that: â€Å" Foremost among the intents ( of higher instruction ) is that of giving immature grownups the accomplishments and comprehensiveness of cognition to believe profoundly about the constructions of their society and to allow values which must regulate their personal and professional lives ( p.12 ) † . Service larning in ESL may travel out of their schoolroom and utilize what they have learned, reflect upon that experience and what they learned when they are back in category in order to heighten acquisition, and it promotes humanist values. Harmonizing to Kendall: an effectual plan is the 1 that has the undermentioned elements: Engages people in responsible and ambitious actions for the common good ; Provides structured chances for people to reflect on their service experience ; Articulates clear service and learning ends for everyone involved ; Clarifies the duty of each individual and organisation involved ; Includes preparation, supervising, monitoring, support, acknowledgment and rating to run into service and learning ends ; Is committed to plan engagement by and with diverse population ( Kendall, 1990, p.40 ) .Previous Studies and ResearchA reappraisal of the old surveies that are conducted in the field of SL in linguistic communication acquisition will supply the evidences for important replies to the inquiries being investigated. SL is instead a immature field and as a consequence of this the pool of researches that are conducted in this filed is non every bit deep as is the topic ‘s demand. Previous surveies and researches are conducted in order to light and clear up the importance and the positive consequence of Service larning in ESL in order to set up the development of this plan. Many establishments since 2000 have implemented Service larning in their Curricula. Sacred Heart University, to advert one, has successfully integrated SL in their ESL categories. Their ESL pupils go into the community on hebdomadal footing and they visit and serve to a local soup kitchen, an simple school, a tutoring bureau, a retirement community, a Habitat for Humanity building undertaking, etc. The services they offer are assorted, get downing from fixing and functioning nutrient, helping instructors, tutoring, etc. In category they reflect to legion feelings, ideas, experiences and observations they ‘ve had. They besides research and read about the issues they have observed in field ( homelessness, intervention of the aged, childhood instruction ) ( Minor, 2001 ) . Another interesting service larning undertaking is Mullaney ‘s which grouped Latino pupils of ESL with Spanish pupils whose native linguistic communication was English. This gave both groups an chance to hold a colloquial spouse and enabled a bipartisan information exchange and experience. To heighten their lingual development they were integrated into the community college, this was done with the purpose to do them experience as portion of the community and besides to give them the chance to pattern English linguistic communication while discoursing with native talkers. The pupils did non hold this opportunity to interact with native talkers in mundane life. In this undertaking they performed a service that was identified demand into the community, developed their sense of caring for others, their civic duty, and it enhanced their linguistic communication larning experience ( Hellebrandt, 1999 ) . Dawson ‘s ( 2006 ) service -learning undertaking engaged the Sitka Tribe in Alaska. The pupils ‘ service in this undertaking was to interview the seniors of the Sitka Tribe in order to document their verbal history into written. The pupils besides assisted them in interpreting from their Indigenous into English. This divine native American pupils to larn more about their cultural heritage and imposts and history while heightening their academic accomplishment in History. A similar service acquisition undertaking is integrated in the course of study of the University of Prishtina, Department of English Language and Literature. Junior pupils group comprised of 12 pupils were engaged to finish 30 hours of interlingual rendition for a local intelligence bureau â€Å" Kosova Live † . They had to interpret the intelligence, edit, save the interlingual rendition, and header with deadlines. On completion of this undertaking the pupils had to convey a file of their interlingual renditions to their instructor, for the portfolio appraisal. The educational goalsin this undertaking were: Career readying ; Students will better their Albanian- English interlingual rendition skills.Standards mete the followers: Students will understand and construe written linguistic communication on a assortment of subjects ; Students present information, constructs, and thoughts to an audience of readers on a assortment of reliable subjects ; Students demonstrate apprehension of the nature of linguistic communication through comparings of the linguistic communication studied and their ain ; Students use the linguistic communication both within and beyond the school scene. The spouse in this undertaking Kosova Live Agency benefited from this coaction from the translated intelligence into Albanian and the service was provided for free. The professor proofread the interlingual rendition work of the pupils and identified the grammatical or vocabulary constructs in which pupils need to better. Then the instructor created lessons to assist them learn/practice those constructs. Besides, the pupils received points in category for finishing the interlingual renditions accurately in the signifier of a undertaking o r assignment. This was the appraisal of the pupil larning ends.Research QuestionsQ1: Why should we advance service-learning? Q2: Why is it of import that service-learning be incorporated in the traditional course of study? Q3: How can service-learning be incorporated in linguistic communication larning course of study?Research HypothesissH1. Service acquisition is a cutting border methodological analysis that helps non merely the community but pedagogues and scholars besides it can be adapted to any class that is taught in the school. H2. Service larning helps pupils understand better the content of the class because they learn by making which fits in with the ends of the Bologna procedure. H3. Service larning gives pupils an chance to utilize their cognition in a socially meaningful context which improves the relevancy and pertinence of their cognition.Research Design and MethodologyData Gathering ProcedureThis present survey will do usage of implementing processs to accomplish the intent of the survey:4.1 ParticipantsParticipants in this research will be pupils of the English Language Department at SEEU in Tetovo, and Mechanical Engineering Faculty University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje. The pupils will be chosen based on their experience and consequences, and besides based on their instructors ‘ mention.MethodologyThe research methodological analysis that will be used in this research is quantitative method that will be gathered through: pupils ‘ and instructors ‘ questionnaire and focal point group. The questionnaires will be distributed to the pupils at the SEEU and Mechanical Engineering Faculty. In both establishments Service Learning has been introduced since 2006, and the choice of the pupils will be done based on their 5 twelvemonth engagement in this plan. Teacher ‘s questionnaire will be used in order to measure instructors ‘ engagement in SL plans and their motive for SL undertakings. Focus group is a group activity for pupils ‘ development and the purpose of this method is to mensurate how they will run into the class content and the addition larning through SL undertakings. Finally, figures, charts, and tabular arraies will be included and analyzed in the research paper in order to hold a clear image of the survey.4.3 ProcedureA pupil ‘s questionnaire will be distributed in order to obtain informations related to pupil ‘s background and their perceptual experience of SL. Students will be given instructions and the research worker will explicate the intent of the questionnaire. Afterwards, a instructor ‘s questionnaire will be distributed in order to derive general information in relation to teacher ‘s attitude towards SL and the manner it is implemented in ESL schoolroom. Again, the intent of the survey will be explained in item. Finally, there will be a focal point group and the pupils will be given the chance to portion thoughts about SL undertakings that they will be assigned to, this will function as an appropriate tool of appraisal. The pupils will be exhaustively briefed firsthand about the plan, the undertaking that they will be assigned to and the expected results of it.Analysis of DatasSome instruments will be used in the probe portion of the research paper in order to roll up the information. It is expected the information analysis will ensue with the utility of SL plan execution as an advanced thought in instruction and its purpose to develop the pupils ‘ larning into something significant to them by offering custodies on instruction and acquisition by making exterior of the schoolroom. Quantitative method will be used in the research paper in order to exemplify the consequences obtained from both instructors and pupils.Interpretation of ConsequencesThe research will expose the scholars †˜ perceptual experiences about SL undertakings and demo its importance in linguistic communication acquisition. Additionally, the survey will demo the instructors ‘ attitude towards SL plan and the manner they tend to implement it in the course of study. Another portion of the research paper will include the replies from pupils ‘ and instructors ‘ questionnaires and the focal point group consequences.Master Thesis Content:Table OF CONTENTSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ABSTRACTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Chapter I: INTRODUCTIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Background of the StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Significance of the StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Purposes and Aims of the StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ . Description of Thesis OrganizationaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ ConclusionaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEWaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Chapter III: PREVIOUSSTUDIES ON SERVICE LEARNINGaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 3.1 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.2.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.3 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Chapter IV: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 Purpose of StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.2 Research QuestionsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.3 Research Hypothesis†¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.4 Research Design and MethodologyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.4.1 ParticipantsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.4.2 InstrumentsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.4.3 ProceduresaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ . Chapter V: Analysis OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 5.1 Students ‘ QuestionnaireaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 5.2 Teachers ‘ QuestionnaireaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 5.3 Focus GroupaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.4 Comparison of ResultsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Chapter VI: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Chapter VII: Restriction OF STUDYaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. REFERENCESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. APPENDICESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..

Globalisation of Entertainment Industry in India

GLOBALISATION OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY IN INDIA INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALISATION(HSS F317) Submitted By: Submitted To: * Sankalp Bhatia Mr. T. Chakraborty * Tanish Anand Department of Humanities and Languages * Manas Lohani * Akshit Sandooja * Keshav Khanna ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A comprehensive report always requires the goodwill, encouragement, guidance and support of many people. We would like to thank the Instructor in-charge of the course, Mr. Tathagato Chakraborty for allowing us to explore new aspects about report writing through this exercise.We are grateful to our instructor for giving an opportunity to prepare a report on the topic â€Å"Globalisation of Entertainment Industry in India†. Also, we would like to thank him for his unflinching support and guidance. We also acknowledge with gratitude the consistent cooperation received from the BITS Library staff. The books they provided us served as an ideal data source which helped us throughout in the development of this repor t. We wish to express our appreciation to the enormous help given by our friends who spared a great amount of their valuable time in going through the manuscript and providing suggestions.CONTENTS * Introduction * Indian Film Industry * Current Situation * Emergence of new sources of income * Digitalisation of screens and increase in the number of screens * Foreign Investment * Shooting in foreign locations * Emerging 3D cinema and Advanced VFX * New Market Techniques * Indian Music Industry * Effect on Bollywood * Effect on Indian classical music * Effect on musical instruments * Indian Television Industry * Overview * Entry of foreign players * Case Study – Star Network * Rating Wars * Foreign content and storylines Challenges faced by the industry * Case study on viewership in Delhi * Bibliography The Globalisation of Indian Entertainment and Media (E&M)Industry-An introduction India’s entertainment economy is growing rapidly, and the world is taking note. The count ry is among the world’s youngest nations, with more than half a billion people under the age of 25. With favorable demographics and a rise in disposable incomes, the propensity to spend on leisure and entertainment is growing faster than the economy itself.Enticed by economic liberalization and the huge volume of demand for leisure and entertainment, many of the global media giants are starting to set shop in this country, once known as a land of snake charmers. In recent years, the Indian entertainment and media (E&M) industry has out-performed the Indian economy and companies from all over the globe are increasingly envisioning their growth linked to emerging and developing giants like India, which is why they are now focused on growing and branding their businesses in this market. The E&M industry-The major segmentsThe media and entertainment industry consists of many different segments under its folds such as television, print, and films. It also includes smaller segments like radio, music, OOH(Out of Home Media is an advertising medium which reaches out to the ‘difficult-to-reach' and  SEC A  consumers wherever they are, thus offering the advertiser an all day primetime. ), animation, gaming and visual effects (VFX) and Internet advertising. [1]  Entertainment Industry in India has registered an explosive growth in last two decades making it one of the fastest growing industries in India.From a single state owned channel, Doordarshan in the 1990s to more than 400 active channels,the E&M industry is galloping, even through tough times when others are facing recession. SIZE OF INDUSTRY The domestic entertainment industry was estimated at nearly Rs 225. 0 billion and provided employment opportunities for nearly 6. 0 million people in the year 1999. In terms of foreign exchange earnings, the industry contributed around Rs 4,000. 0 million in the year 1999. In the year 2008, the E&M Industry stood at INR 584 billion, a growth of almost 12. % ,every subsequent year. Over the next few years, this industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 12. 5% & reach the size of INR 1152 billion by 2017. PROPELLERS OF GROWTH-The major Factors The growth in this sector of the Indian economy has been propelled by a number of factors such as :(a)the corporatization of the film industry, (b)a booming television sector, (c)a fast growing radio sector, (d)a expanding market for print products and other technological changes such as the advent of digital technology.Some of the significant changes include the emergence of new niche content genres such as reality television; the India Premier League (IPL), with cricket emerging as a mainstream entertainment genre; internationalization of Indian media and an increased production of content for global audience, launch of TV channels such as NDTV Arabia and NDTV Malaysia, launch of German edition of Filmfare magazine in 2008 and co-production and production of Hollywood movies by Indian players; a nd a substantial increase in Foreign Direct Investment into the Indian media sector.With $88 million of FDI flowing into the media sector in the last three years, increased density of alternative delivery platforms and digitization are collectively changing consumption patterns in the entertainment industry across India. Media sectors,regarded as â€Å"sunset† sectors in mature markets,are flourishing in India. For example,the newspaper industry,which is rapidly declining in other developed countries, is flourishing in India, on account of increasing literacy levels, consumer spending and the growth of regional markets and specialty newspapers.Newspapers account for 42% of all advertising spend in India, the most of any medium. INDIAN TELEVISION INDUSTRY Television is one of the major segments of the Indian entertainment industry and has thousands of programs in all the states of India. India is the third largest television market in the world. [5]The small screen has produce d numerous celebrities of their own kind with some even attaining national fame. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women. The increasing popularity in the satellite cable television segment has been a major cause for the high growth in this industry.The cable subscriber base has increased from around 0. 05 million in the early 90s’ to around 24. 0 million in the year 1999-2000 is further estimated to increase to nearly 120. 0 million by the end of 2013. With the rapid proliferation of channels (over 75), and the privatization of DD, growth in this segment is projected to be rather high. Indian Film Industry â€Å"You are not a true Indian if u don't follow cricket or bollywood† This is the impact the film industry has had on the minds of Indian people. Indians love to watch movies.With the advent of improved technologies in all aspects from film production (Rise of 3D cinema, Advent of digital cinema and the growth of multiplexes)to mark eting(wanna see a movie and all stores are closed buy it on the google playstore,or watch it online!! ),the increased corporatisation of industry(Collaboration with international studios: International film studios such as Warner Bros. , Disney, Fox and Dreamworks etc) and Resurgence of regional cinema, the Indian Film Industry has become the biggest contributor in the growth of the E&M indusry. GOING GAGA-THE BOOM IN RADIO INDUSTRYOne of the major drivers that have helped the media industry in India canter along at a blistering pace has been the good old radio. AM, FM and even Satellite Radio have made a huge impact on the Industry in India. The stage is set for major revenue growth among the various Radio Channels. In fact what we are seeing is not some newfound love for the old medium but just the natural uncoiling of the market after the liberalisation and privatisation of the industry Everything is new and nice at the moment. People in India today are spoilt for choice. Be it a ny media platform they have a stack of channels to choose from.In fact listening to FM Radio in India is very  weird, as it seems too â€Å"clean† without the usual news on the hour. Talking about  weird  of all the things Satellite Radio is here. WORLDSPACE has got around 65000 subscribers in India. That’s two thirds of its entire audience around the world. People like it because it is clean without commercials. In most developed markets though where broadband penetration is high people have access to thousands of radio channels via the Internet. Satellite radio hence does not generally do well there. The other limitations of satellite radio are the unavailability of portable devices in the country.THE MUSIC INDUSTRY The Indian entertainment industry is incomplete without the inclusion of music. Music,since the 90s has become the integral part of the Indian cinema. you will have to search hard to find an indian movie that doesn't incorporate a song. its not just the mentality of producers, it’s the public demand that drives the producers to include songs, whether its justified or not. Over the years, the importance of music has only increased, especially in case of the movie industry. Of late, movies have gone on to become huge successes largely on the backdrop of good music.While the popularity of film music increased, it also resulted in the growth of other segments such as remix, Indi-pop etc. Distributors Despite major changes occurring in the industry, most of the audience is still dependent on distribution network . Since timing is a very crucial factor here, only the companies with wider reach are able to thrive and generate profits. As distribution companies retain a major part of the profits generated in this industry, majority of them have diversified into setting up of their own retail stores. HMV is a pioneer in this area and has an excellent chain of stores at its disposal.This strategy has helped the companies to gauge the consumers’ changing perceptions and revamp their product offerings to meet the popular demand. Exchange of talent Globalisation has helped the music production companies to share the international pool of talent. The rate of usage of international talent increased tremendously after the 1990’s. Later, many artists’ internationally renowned artists have featured in Indian songs and vice versa. A. R. Rahman composed and produced music for the film  Slumdog Millionaire and  Resul Pookutty mixed the sound for the same film.Such examples display not only the impact of global companies on the indian industries, but that of Indians on the global stage. HINDI FILM INDUSTRY Current Situation :-The Hindi film Industry popularly known as â€Å"Bollywood† is the main contributor to the Indian film industry after regional language film industries like Bengali, Tamil, Telegu and Marathi. The Indian film industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 10. 1 per cent to touch INR 150 Billion in 2016. The industry was estimated to be INR 93 billion in 2011 indicating a growth of 11. 5 per cent as compared to 2010.Although the country’s filmed entertainment industry is the largest in the world in terms of the number of films it produces (about 900) and its theatrical admissions (around 3 billion), it continues to be small in size in terms of revenue, mainly due to low ticket realization and occupancy levels. Moreover, lack of quality content and rising competition from Hollywood films continue to affect it. Source:-The Indian Bollywood Industry, DIBD-OMI, May 2012. However, one cannot underestimate the changes that have taken place in the Indian cinema due the fast globalizing or westernizing world.After Indian economy opened its gates for the rest of the world, a lot investment in terms of technology and funds have entered into the industry. Although 22 years since 1991 might seem a small time frame in the film industry, but it remains qu ite significant in terms of the progresses made. With more awareness, Bollywood has realized that it is necessary to create an ambience in the movies, so the movies target both the Indian culture as well as a more international culture overseas. Hence over the last 10 years Bollywood has become more international and has begun targeting a more global audience than before.Films like K3G, Kal ho na ho, My Name is Khan, Salaam Namaste, and recently Cocktail, have been a success in the overseas market mainly because of their portrayal of Indians living abroad. Bollywood films are not only watched by people in India, but also neighbouring countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka watch the movies. Moreover, countries with large groups of Hindi and Urdu speaking population like Australia, UK, Africa and the US have many Bollywood fans. And countries like Russia and Japan are also buyers of Bollywood productions.Now, with the ever transforming world and tastes of the the viewers, the Indian film industry is trying its level best to match up to the needs. Some of the changes seen in the recent times are which can be attributed to globalisation are:- 1. Emergence of new source of income. Although revenues from the theatre segment constitute around 60% of the overall revenue for a movie, other revenue streams have begun to make a meaningful contribution. The trend of selling satellite and home-video rights prior to release gained momentum in 2010, and has enabled producers to involve lesser risks in their business models.Most of the revenues of the films are now earned within the first week itself which gives the film producers a chance to sell TV rights and air the movies earlier than before. A lot of films are now premiered very soon after they are being released and the satellite rights are sold well before the movies are released . Due to this, piracy is not that big an issue that it was a few years ago. Owing to these strategies, 2012 proved t o be a good year for Bollywood with 6 movies crossing the 100 crore mark. Source-KPMG 2. Digitalisation of screens and increase in the number of screens. To fight ne of the threats of piracy which was one way or the other because of other sources of information like internet, the film industry now a days do not send their physical prints at the theatres, rather they are relayed through satellite technologies like UFO. This has increased the no. of screens in which the movie runs many folds. Consider the case of Salman Khan’s first movie Maine Pyar Kiya which released across 500 screens in India and compare it with Ek tha tiger which opened to a record 3300 screens . The growth of multiplexes has improved the movie-going experience for Indian audiences and has led to increase per-ticket realization.Rising urbanization and growing disposable incomes are also driving increased investments in multiplexes. In addition, theatres with low seating capacities allow cost-effective scre ening of movies that are targeted at niche audiences. However, there is still further ground to be covered. The average number of screens per million in India is presently12, as compared to the global average of 54 screens per million. The number of multiplex screens in India is expected to increase from 1,000 in 2010 to 1,405 by 2013. Source: KPMG 3. Foreign Investment :With the liberalisation of indian economy in the 90s, we have seen that international film studios like Warner Bros. , Disney, Fox and DreamWorks have entered into collaborations with local film production houses to develop Hindi and regional movies. â€Å"Saawariya†, in 2007 was the first Hollywood produced Bollywood movie in India. â€Å"My Name is Khan†, produced by Fox Star Studios was a huge success both in India and abroad. Walt Disney, who earlier held a 50% stake in UTV, has now acquired a controlling stake in UTV Software Communications.Viacom18 has also entered a deal with the global movie co mpany Paramount Pictures to market and distribute the latter’s movies in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It has already ventured into production of Hindi language movies, and the new deal is expected to help create a distribution network. Local film production can benefit from the experience of these international studios to expand their international reach and incorporate enhanced project planning and cost controls. In a process to make India a filming destination, the Ministry of Information andBroadcasting is looking for setting up a Film Commission that will initially act as a single-window clearance agency to issue permits for shooting. At present, international producers need to seek many approvals. While they require script approvals from the ministries like I&B Ministry and the Ministry of External Affairs, cast and crew approvals are required from the Ministry of Home Affairs. Based on the kind of shots and location, they need approvals from Customs Department, the Archaeological Survey of India besides several other local and State authorities.Following excerpt from a newspaper depicts how creating such a single window clearance system can affect the Indian Filmmakers. Source: HT City, Hindustan Times, 14th April, 2013 4. Shooting in foreign locations, a boost for tourism In the recent past, many films have been extensively shot in foreign locations: Movie Country Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara Spain Rockstar Czech Republic RA. OneUnited Kingdom Don 2 Germany Ek Main Aur Ek Tu United States of America Worldwide, countries offer various incentives to encourage film producers to use their locations to shoot films.Incentives are offered in the following forms: †¢ Cash rebates – where a certain percentage of expenditure in a country is provided as rebate to the film producers †¢ Tax credits – where a percentage of expenditure in a country is allowed as credit against the income. †¢ Exemption from or refund of VAT and Custom s duty. †¢ Interest free loans †¢ Soft funding – negotiated tourism benefits, such as easier processing of visas, and discounts on accommodation and travel. Benefits of film incentives regime:- Boost to the tourism industry: Films shot in foreign locations depict diversity, history and landscapes of a country which help in increasing tourism in a country. * Benefits to the economy: Inflow of foreign exchange. * Boost to local film production : For example, the success of Slumdog Millionaire, which was shot in India and was a collaboration between Hollywood and Indian film technicians, helped the Indian film production houses secure more business. * Technological exchange * Creation of employment opportunity: Hiring of local technicians. Cultural Exchange Some Facts:- * The flow of Indian tourists to Australia increased by 20% from 2004–2006, especially after the success of Salaam Namaste. * The production of Heyy Babyy injected around US$2. 1 million into the state’s economy where it was shot. * Switzerland hosts around 150,000 tourists from India and large number of Bollywood movies are shot in the country every year. * Many US states such as California, New York, Michigan,Nevada and Utah offer incentives to film and television production companies from India.Many Bollywood movies have been shot in the US including My Name is Khan, Kabhi alvida na kehna, Kal ho na ho, to name a few. 5. Emerging 3D cinema and Advanced VFX:- 3D is a prominent theme these days and has demonstrated its significant potential with benefits such as increased audience engagement, increased ticket prices and the exclusivity of the medium, i. e, the theaters. The success of Avatar has taken 3D movie-making to new heights. Multiplexes could look at the feasibility of investing larger amounts on 3D screens to meet the growing demand to view 3D.There is an emerging market for 3D movies in India with movies like Any Body Can Dance, Dangerous Ishqq, Ra. One an d Haunted-3D. A new window of opportunity could open up if Bollywood is able to produce high quality 3D content. The visual effects (VFX) industry is a rapidly growing segment in India. It includes the creation of live action imagery by using computer-generated effects. It is increasingly being used by the visual media in India and can be classified into the following verticals — movies, TV shows and advertisements.The segment is still at its nascent stage with mainly low-end work being done in India. Domestic consumption is small, and therefore, the bulk of the work includes outsourced projects from the US and the UK. However, the domestic market is seeing bigger budget movies and ad campaigns, which are now open to spend more on VFX to provide an enhanced visual experience to viewers. There has been a significantly high growth in the number of VFX companies operating in India. According to some estimates, there are more than 40 major domestic VFX companies catering to the n eeds of domestic and international clients.Currently, India accounts for only around 10% of the total animation and VFX outsourcing pie. However, there is scope for growth and the amount of work coming to India from Hollywood is on the rise. In late 2011, VenSat Tech Services, a VFX company, joined hands with Reliance MediaWorks Limited to set up a VFX, computer graphics and animation team. 6. New Market Techniques. With more Hollywood movies getting released in India, Indian movies are adopting newer marketing techniques like selling merchandises, video games, toys etc. The indian film Ra.One was a first of its kind campaign with a complete 360 degree approach. Films like Harry Potter, Shrek, Superman, Batman have been successfully using this approach for their campaigns. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN MUSIC Effect on Bollywood One distinguishing feature of Indian films has always been its music. While the musical lost its dominance as a genre in Hollywood in the early 1960s, l argely due to the advent of rock music, Indian music scenario saw no such change. With the advent of â€Å"talkies†, Indian films started incorporating songs as an important element of the narrative.The sets and costumes, action scenes, presentation of stars, grandiloquent dialogues, and song and dance sequences became the main attraction in a movie for the fans. Song sequences are used for several purposes in films. Sometimes a song is a narrative part of the film; other times it is used as a dream sequence, or the lovers’ fantasy. Sometimes they function to allow an expression of feeling that cannot be articulated otherwise—notably the declaration of love. When music channels like MTV and V on cable and FM radio started roadcasting in India, the Hindi film music gained even more popularity. The music is important economically since the sale of music rights may recover a good part of the budget of the film. Recently, the film industry has been pre-releasing sou ndtracks for films along with music videos(which are basically clips of the songs from the film) some months in advance. This heightens pre-release interest among audiences and act as advertisements of the film. The latest trend that has been started is that of â€Å"Item Numbers†.The overt hypersexualization of the song-dance sequence is a kind of â€Å"MTVization† of Hindi film music; the song is packaged as a 5-minute video which can advertise the film and be sold as an independent commodity. A musical industry old timer has said â€Å"Whereas in older song-and-dance sequence the erotic had an element of coy and the tentative, today the erotic has in it elements of rank sexuality, brutish pride, and vulgarity. Naked feet adorned by anklets have been replaced with high leather boots and the pelvic thrusts display the hunger of a newly-unleashed sexuality.As in other spheres, in the theatre of sexuality, the Indian adventure with globalization is on display† It em numbers have become economic necessity for film producers, singers, and music directors who want to market themselves to a global audience, to globalize the appeal of Hindi film music, and to attract younger, upwardly mobile, city-based audiences. The song-dance sequences have taken on an â€Å"international† look, using a multi-cultural dance cast and hip hop-influenced clothing. Such tastes and representations are far too alien to the rural and lower middle class audiences. Effect on Indian Classical MusicIndian culture has been attached with music since long time, with traditional Indian music being the most famous among Indians till the time globalization hit the country. Western culture followers are increasing in India due to adoptive nature of Indian consumers. Though the number of youth listening to traditional Indian music may have declined but globalization has acted as a two way street in its truest sense. Indian classical musical instruments like veena, sitar a nd table have been incorporated heavily into the â€Å"World Music† genre which focuses on fusion and bringing out the spiritual side of music.Artists like Pandit Ravi Shankar, Pandit Amjad Ali Khan, Bismillah Khan and Zakir Hussain are renowned and respected globally. The situation surrounding the traditional classical music of India continues to change due to the remarkable advances made in methods of information dissemination and communication, among these the rapid growth of the Internet. Some critiques say that the commercialization of Indian music seems to have led to the monopolization of the market by a small numbers of â€Å"stars. Over the last ten years, it has in large part been the same small group of musicians who have been performing concerts in major cities. The popularization of Indian music has led too to changes in performance styles and audiences appreciation. This includes, for example, shortened performances, the traditional raga time concept meaningles s, and an overemphasis on technique. Serious practitioners and students of Indian music, in particular Hindustani music, have increased dramatically throughout the world. This is evident from the increasing number of Indian musicians traveling abroad to perform and record.In some Western educational institutions, Hindustani music has already been established as a formal area of study, and research is being done to determine the most effective methods of education in this discipline. In light of this trend, the traditional master/pupil method, Guru-Shishya-Parampara, has proved to be something of a controversial problem. Effect on Musical Instruments Increasing globalization ; increasing use of internet have resulted in changing the taste of music lovers; ultimately influencing their musical instrument choices.Gradually, the appetite for playing western music instrument has been fulfilled with the increase in number of western music schools. India western musical instruments market h as been anticipated to reach INR 542. 84 Crore by 2017. TELEVISION AND GLOBALISATION OVERVIEW Media imperialism is a sub category of under the broader category of media imperialism. The conventional view was that it was the global (particularly US) media that dominated and the technologies associated with it that were imperialistic and ruled the world. But the scenario was changing on the advent of 1990s due to nationalised media arising and getting promoted. Al-Jazeera was founded in 1996 and is a Qatar based company. Bollywood is seen as an answer to Hollywood. Reuters is major news company founded in Britain. Times of India is the world’s 3rd largest circulating paper. † These are some examples to name a few of the changing global media trend. Since the advent of television in 1920s it has been a source of news and entertainment. Majority of the channels were state funded and had little commercial use. After the arrival of globalisation television was changed, as the viewers were seen as a mode of income from advertisements and this began a war of TV ratings among the channel providers began.They turned the political struggle for television into a battle for market shares with an increasing international orientation. The liberalisation of television in association with the development of new broadcasting technologies led to a multitude of competing TV stations and to a diversity of available programmes. Private broadcasters’ dependence on funding by adverts caused a commercialisation of TV and shifted the focus of programming to ratings, which have become an all-dominant factor. The constant search for new ways of attracting viewers’ attention favours sensational topics and resulted in a variety of new programme formats.India was one of the most affected countries due to this trend. Ramayana and Mahabharata were the first major TV series in India. 1980s saw the arrival of popular shows like Hum Paanch, bharat ek khoj which made th e viewers engrossed in them. ENTRY OF FOREIGN PLAYERS In 1991 the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This was the first step of globalisation of Indian TV industry as this led to the entry of major foreign players such as CNN, STAR TV and domestic private enterprises such as ETV, ZEE.In 1999–2003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are  NDTV,  CNN IBN  and  Aaj Tak. The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. CASE STUDY- STAR TV STAR TV is an US based company owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp. It currently has 35 channels in 7 languages with around 400 million viewers in India â€Å"courtesy http://www. tartv. com/aboutus. asp x. † They currently own one of the most viewed channels of India such as Star Plus, Star Gold, Star Movies, Star world, Channel [V] to name a few. It is the leading TV channel in terms of no. of channels and viewers in India with hit shows such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Star Voice of India and 24X7 movies. RATING WARS Entertainment channels form the largest part of Indian TV industry with foreign and domestic players both. They broadcast daily shows which are mainly targeted to the family audience particularly ladies called â€Å"Soap Operas†.This is a huge source of revenue and entertainment as most of the advertisements are shown in this time slot making this a win-win situation for everybody. These not only include popular Hindi shows such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi or Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki but also in other languages such as Punjabi, Marathi and English such as Ugly Betty, 90210, Damini. The popularity of these serials is evident from the data shown a bove. Source: TAM peopleter system, GEC Ratings (April 22-28) One of the major sources of entertainment is the sports channels which are dedicated to the world of sports.There are 20 sports channels till date with the majority owned by the foreign powerhouses such as ESPNSTAR (owned by FOX network), SONY SIX. Children's interest channels  are  television  specialty channels  that present children's interest content. This market is almost entirely owned by foreign companies such as Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon. The NEWS channels are the ones which have most of the domestic companies and have one of the fiercest rivalries among them. Other channels include dedicated to music, movies, sci-fi and general info. Majority of them are owned by foreign TNC’s such as MTV, Discovery, and HBO.All of these are owned by foreign media conglomerates and are one of the most viewed channels in India. All of these are owned by foreign media conglomerates and are one of the most viewed c hannels in India. FOREIGN CONTENT AND STORYLINES The content of the channels are also influenced by the global trends. In most of the cases either the storyline or the format of successful foreign shows are copied. Some of the examples are as shown below: * Jassi jaisi koi nahi – Ugly Betty * Big boss – Big brother * Indian idol – American idol * India’s got talent – Americas got talent Fear factor – Fear factor * Masterchef India – Masterchef Australia The viewership of English sitcoms are on the rise in the young generation such as Friends, HIMYM due to the rising English speaking population which has increased the revenues of these channels such as STAR World, AXN. On the rise is the viewership of movies both Hindi and English as evident from the exorbitant prices channels are paying for the television premiers of the movies. The sports TV industry is one of the fastest growing industries due to huge fan following also known as â⠂¬Å"popular culture†.The increase of number of sports channel in India is rapid. Cricket and football has proved itself as a huge source of revenue generation as perceived from the data below. IPL, world cup, BPL are huge attractions for advertisers and they are willing to invest in them. And majority of them are the TNCs who spare the big bucks. Top 5 most viewed events in 2010-2011 in India 2011 cricket world cup final – 67. 6 million viewers| Budget 2011 – 37 million| Commonwealth 2010 opening ceremony – 30 million| IPL 3 final – 9. 6 million| 2010 FIFA world cup final – 1. 5 million|Source: aMap data, Times of India Also the emergence of debating style of news presentation can be seen as an effect of globalisation. Now majority of the news channel present debates in their primetime slots so as to include various opinions. This has been a huge success. Also the technological advancement in television industry such as digitalization has imp roved the services offered which has also led to increased viewership. This is a direct result of globalization as the technology and information is transferred between nations. CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDUSTRYBut the television industry faces many challenges due to globalization. * Main disadvantage is the accumulation of power in few foreign media conglomerates which hinders the growth of domestic market. Few Indian companies have been able to establish themselves in front of the global power. * The media sometimes become biased and influence the public opinion. For example in Saddam Hussein case media houses passionately supported US in their operation and thus took people on US side without telling the full story. * Also the advent of reality TV shows has increased their share which results in disproportionation.Time should be divided suitably for all types of entertainment which is not so in the present scenario. * TV has not yet been able to penetrate the rural parts of India due to lack of connectivity which is needed as it acts as a source of information. * Also in this century of internet viewers are migrating to web services. This has resulted formation of web portals of channels which is not encouraging to the TV industry. CASE STUDY ON VIEWERSHIP IN DELHI The figures below show the impact of television in the three major metropolitans and show type wise distribution of channels in Delhi. Source: www. amindia. com Bibliography n. d. http://www. indiantelevision. com. n. d. http://www. startv. com. n. d. www. tamindia. com. Film Industry In India: New Horizons. Ernst ; Young Pvt Ltd. , 2011. Google Images. n. d. http://images. google. co. in/. HT City. â€Å"Foreigners First, But What about us? † April 14, 2013. Indian Express. â€Å"IPL 6. † April 8, 2013. Reseasrch and Markets-Market research reports. n. d. http://researchandmarkets. com. Ritzer, George. â€Å"Globalization a basic text. † n. d. Vogg, Ejvind. The Indian Bollywo od Industry. DIBD, 2012. Wikipedia, The free Encyclopedia. n. d. http://wikipedia. org.